Cystoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that allows a doctor to examine the inside of the bladder and urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body).
The procedure uses a special instrument called a cystoscope, which is a thin tube equipped with a camera and light. The cystoscope is gently inserted through the urethra and guided into the bladder so the doctor can clearly view the urinary tract.
Cystoscopy may be performed in a doctor’s office or hospital, depending on the reason for the procedure.
Types of Anesthesia Used
Cystoscopy may be done using different types of anesthesia, including:
Local anesthesia – A numbing gel is applied to the urethra to reduce discomfort.
Sedation – Medication helps you relax during the procedure.
General anesthesia – You are asleep during the procedure (usually used in hospital settings).
The type of anesthesia depends on the purpose of the procedure and the patient’s condition.
Why is Cystoscopy Performed?
Doctors recommend cystoscopy to diagnose, monitor, or treat problems affecting the bladder and urethra.
Common reasons include:
Investigating Urinary Symptoms
Cystoscopy can help determine the cause of symptoms such as:
Diagnosing Bladder Conditions
The procedure can help detect conditions like:
Treating Certain Bladder Problems
Doctors can use small instruments through the cystoscope to:
Remove small bladder tumors
Take tissue samples (biopsy)
Treat certain bladder conditions
Checking an Enlarged Prostate
In men, cystoscopy can identify narrowing of the urethra caused by an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia – BPH).
Preparing for a Cystoscopy
Before the procedure, your doctor may give you specific instructions, such as:
Taking antibiotics to prevent infection
Providing a urine sample before the procedure
Avoiding food or drink for a certain period if anesthesia will be used
Arranging for someone to drive you home if sedation or anesthesia is given
Always inform your doctor about all medications, supplements, or allergies before the procedure.
What Happens During the Procedure?
A simple cystoscopy usually takes 5 to 15 minutes, while procedures performed in a hospital with sedation may take 15 to 30 minutes.
Typical steps include:
Bladder Emptying
You may be asked to empty your bladder before the procedure.
Positioning
You will lie on your back on an examination table, often with your knees bent and feet supported.
Anesthesia
Numbing gel, sedation, or general anesthesia is administered.
Insertion of the Cystoscope
The doctor gently inserts the cystoscope through the urethra and slowly advances it into the bladder.
Bladder Expansion
Sterile fluid may be used to fill the bladder slightly. This allows the doctor to see the bladder lining clearly.
Examination and Possible Biopsy
The doctor examines the bladder and urethra. If necessary, tissue samples may be taken or small procedures performed.
After the Cystoscopy
Most people can return to normal activities shortly after the procedure, especially if only local anesthesia was used.
If sedation or general anesthesia was given, you may need to rest in a recovery area before going home.
Common Side Effects
Mild symptoms after cystoscopy are common and usually improve within a few days.
These may include:
Managing Discomfort
You can reduce discomfort by:
Drinking plenty of water to flush the bladder
Taking over-the-counter pain relief if recommended by your doctor
Applying a warm compress to the urethral opening
Taking a warm bath if advised by your doctor
Possible Risks and Complications
Cystoscopy is generally safe, but possible complications include:
Serious complications are rare.
When to Contact Your Doctor
Seek medical attention if you experience:
Difficulty or inability to urinate
Large amounts of blood or blood clots in urine
Fever above 38°C (100.4°F)
Severe abdominal pain
Persistent burning while urinating for more than two days
Results of the Procedure
In many cases, doctors can discuss findings immediately after the procedure.
If a biopsy or tissue sample is taken, the results may take a few days, and your doctor will discuss them during a follow-up appointment.
