Cystoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that allows a doctor to examine the inside of the bladder and urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body).

The procedure uses a special instrument called a cystoscope, which is a thin tube equipped with a camera and light. The cystoscope is gently inserted through the urethra and guided into the bladder so the doctor can clearly view the urinary tract.

Cystoscopy may be performed in a doctor’s office or hospital, depending on the reason for the procedure.

Types of Anesthesia Used

Cystoscopy may be done using different types of anesthesia, including:

• Local anesthesia – A numbing gel is applied to the urethra to reduce discomfort.

• Sedation – Medication helps you relax during the procedure.

• General anesthesia – You are asleep during the procedure (usually used in hospital settings).

The type of anesthesia depends on the purpose of the procedure and the patient’s condition.

Why is Cystoscopy Performed?

Doctors recommend cystoscopy to diagnose, monitor, or treat problems affecting the bladder and urethra.

Common reasons include:

Investigating Urinary Symptoms

Cystoscopy can help determine the cause of symptoms such as:

• Blood in urine (hematuria)

• Frequent urinary tract infections

• Painful urination

• Sudden urge to urinate

• Urinary incontinence

Diagnosing Bladder Conditions

The procedure can help detect conditions like:

• Bladder cancer

• Bladder stones

• Inflammation or infection of the bladder

Treating Certain Bladder Problems

Doctors can use small instruments through the cystoscope to:

• Remove small bladder tumors

• Take tissue samples (biopsy)

• Treat certain bladder conditions

Checking an Enlarged Prostate

In men, cystoscopy can identify narrowing of the urethra caused by an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia – BPH).

Preparing for a Cystoscopy

Before the procedure, your doctor may give you specific instructions, such as:

• Taking antibiotics to prevent infection

• Providing a urine sample before the procedure

• Avoiding food or drink for a certain period if anesthesia will be used

• Arranging for someone to drive you home if sedation or anesthesia is given

Always inform your doctor about all medications, supplements, or allergies before the procedure.

What Happens During the Procedure?

A simple cystoscopy usually takes 5 to 15 minutes, while procedures performed in a hospital with sedation may take 15 to 30 minutes.

Typical steps include:

• Bladder Emptying
  You may be asked to empty your bladder before the procedure.

• Positioning
  You will lie on your back on an examination table, often with your knees bent and feet supported.

• Anesthesia
  Numbing gel, sedation, or general anesthesia is administered.

• Insertion of the Cystoscope
  The doctor gently inserts the cystoscope through the urethra and slowly advances it into the bladder.

• Bladder Expansion
  Sterile fluid may be used to fill the bladder slightly. This allows the doctor to see the bladder lining clearly.

• Examination and Possible Biopsy
  The doctor examines the bladder and urethra. If necessary, tissue samples may be taken or small procedures performed.

After the Cystoscopy

Most people can return to normal activities shortly after the procedure, especially if only local anesthesia was used.

If sedation or general anesthesia was given, you may need to rest in a recovery area before going home.

Common Side Effects

Mild symptoms after cystoscopy are common and usually improve within a few days.

These may include:

• Slight blood in urine

• Burning sensation during urination

• Frequent urination for a short period

Managing Discomfort

You can reduce discomfort by:

• Drinking plenty of water to flush the bladder

• Taking over-the-counter pain relief if recommended by your doctor

• Applying a warm compress to the urethral opening

• Taking a warm bath if advised by your doctor

Possible Risks and Complications

Cystoscopy is generally safe, but possible complications include:

• Urinary tract infection (UTI)

• Bleeding

• Pain or irritation during urination

Serious complications are rare.

When to Contact Your Doctor

Seek medical attention if you experience:

• Difficulty or inability to urinate

• Large amounts of blood or blood clots in urine

• Fever above 38°C (100.4°F)

• Severe abdominal pain

• Persistent burning while urinating for more than two days

Results of the Procedure

In many cases, doctors can discuss findings immediately after the procedure.

If a biopsy or tissue sample is taken, the results may take a few days, and your doctor will discuss them during a follow-up appointment.